Echoes from Childhood-Imitation in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Identifieur interne : 001135 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001134; suivant : 001136Echoes from Childhood-Imitation in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Auteurs : Jennifer Finis [Allemagne] ; Agnes Moczydlowski [Allemagne] ; Bettina Pollok [Allemagne] ; Katja Biermann-Ruben [Allemagne] ; Gotz Thomalla [Allemagne] ; Martin Heil [Allemagne] ; Holger Krause [Allemagne] ; Melanie Jonas [Allemagne] ; Alfons Schnitzler [Allemagne] ; Alexander Munchau [Allemagne]Source :
- Movement disorders [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2012.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Wicri :
- topic : Enfant.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Background: Tourette syndrome patients are reported to show automatic imitation (echopraxia), but this has not yet been proven experimentally. Methods: Video clips showing either tics of other Tourette patients or spontaneous movements of healthy subjects were presented to Tourette patients and healthy subjects. Participants' responses were assessed using blinded review of video recordings by 2 independent raters and related to stimuli presented. Results: Both raters detected more echoes in patients. In a permutation analysis, no healthy subject had echoes above chance level. In contrast, 6 and 5 patients were classified as echoers according to rater 1 and rater 2, respectively, in 1 analysis, and 9 patients were so classified in a second analysis (according to rater 2 only). Concordance between raters was high. Patients echoed both following stimuli showing tics and following stimuli showing spontaneous movements. Most echoes were part of patients' individual tic repertoire. Conclusions: Echopraxia is a hallmark of Tourette syndrome.
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Echoes from Childhood-Imitation in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome</title><author><name sortKey="Finis, Jennifer" sort="Finis, Jennifer" uniqKey="Finis J" first="Jennifer" last="Finis">Jennifer Finis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moczydlowski, Agnes" sort="Moczydlowski, Agnes" uniqKey="Moczydlowski A" first="Agnes" last="Moczydlowski">Agnes Moczydlowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, University Hospital Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf</s1><s2>Hamburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollok, Bettina" sort="Pollok, Bettina" uniqKey="Pollok B" first="Bettina" last="Pollok">Bettina Pollok</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biermann Ruben, Katja" sort="Biermann Ruben, Katja" uniqKey="Biermann Ruben K" first="Katja" last="Biermann-Ruben">Katja Biermann-Ruben</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomalla, Gotz" sort="Thomalla, Gotz" uniqKey="Thomalla G" first="Gotz" last="Thomalla">Gotz Thomalla</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, University Hospital Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf</s1><s2>Hamburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heil, Martin" sort="Heil, Martin" uniqKey="Heil M" first="Martin" last="Heil">Martin Heil</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Holger" sort="Krause, Holger" uniqKey="Krause H" first="Holger" last="Krause">Holger Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonas, Melanie" sort="Jonas, Melanie" uniqKey="Jonas M" first="Melanie" last="Jonas">Melanie Jonas</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg</s1><s2>Hamburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schnitzler, Alfons" sort="Schnitzler, Alfons" uniqKey="Schnitzler A" first="Alfons" last="Schnitzler">Alfons Schnitzler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munchau, Alexander" sort="Munchau, Alexander" uniqKey="Munchau A" first="Alexander" last="Munchau">Alexander Munchau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, University Hospital Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf</s1><s2>Hamburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">12-0183692</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 12-0183692 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:12-0183692</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000243</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">002A71</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000208</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0885-3185:2012:Finis J:echoes:from:childhood</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001187</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001135</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001135</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Echoes from Childhood-Imitation in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome</title><author><name sortKey="Finis, Jennifer" sort="Finis, Jennifer" uniqKey="Finis J" first="Jennifer" last="Finis">Jennifer Finis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moczydlowski, Agnes" sort="Moczydlowski, Agnes" uniqKey="Moczydlowski A" first="Agnes" last="Moczydlowski">Agnes Moczydlowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, University Hospital Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf</s1><s2>Hamburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollok, Bettina" sort="Pollok, Bettina" uniqKey="Pollok B" first="Bettina" last="Pollok">Bettina Pollok</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biermann Ruben, Katja" sort="Biermann Ruben, Katja" uniqKey="Biermann Ruben K" first="Katja" last="Biermann-Ruben">Katja Biermann-Ruben</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomalla, Gotz" sort="Thomalla, Gotz" uniqKey="Thomalla G" first="Gotz" last="Thomalla">Gotz Thomalla</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, University Hospital Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf</s1><s2>Hamburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heil, Martin" sort="Heil, Martin" uniqKey="Heil M" first="Martin" last="Heil">Martin Heil</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Holger" sort="Krause, Holger" uniqKey="Krause H" first="Holger" last="Krause">Holger Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonas, Melanie" sort="Jonas, Melanie" uniqKey="Jonas M" first="Melanie" last="Jonas">Melanie Jonas</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg</s1><s2>Hamburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schnitzler, Alfons" sort="Schnitzler, Alfons" uniqKey="Schnitzler A" first="Alfons" last="Schnitzler">Alfons Schnitzler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Heinrich-Heine University</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf</s1><s2>Düsseldorf</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University Hospital Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munchau, Alexander" sort="Munchau, Alexander" uniqKey="Munchau A" first="Alexander" last="Munchau">Alexander Munchau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, University Hospital Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf</s1><s2>Hamburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Movement disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mov. disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Movement disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mov. disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Child</term><term>Echo</term><term>Echopraxia</term><term>Gilles de la Tourette syndrome</term><term>Mirror</term><term>Nervous system diseases</term><term>Neuron</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette</term><term>Pathologie du système nerveux</term><term>Echo</term><term>Enfant</term><term>Miroir</term><term>Neurone</term><term>Echopraxie</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Enfant</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Background: Tourette syndrome patients are reported to show automatic imitation (echopraxia), but this has not yet been proven experimentally. Methods: Video clips showing either tics of other Tourette patients or spontaneous movements of healthy subjects were presented to Tourette patients and healthy subjects. Participants' responses were assessed using blinded review of video recordings by 2 independent raters and related to stimuli presented. Results: Both raters detected more echoes in patients. In a permutation analysis, no healthy subject had echoes above chance level. In contrast, 6 and 5 patients were classified as echoers according to rater 1 and rater 2, respectively, in 1 analysis, and 9 patients were so classified in a second analysis (according to rater 2 only). Concordance between raters was high. Patients echoed both following stimuli showing tics and following stimuli showing spontaneous movements. Most echoes were part of patients' individual tic repertoire. Conclusions: Echopraxia is a hallmark of Tourette syndrome.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li></country><region><li>Hambourg</li></region><settlement><li>Hambourg</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Finis, Jennifer" sort="Finis, Jennifer" uniqKey="Finis J" first="Jennifer" last="Finis">Jennifer Finis</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Biermann Ruben, Katja" sort="Biermann Ruben, Katja" uniqKey="Biermann Ruben K" first="Katja" last="Biermann-Ruben">Katja Biermann-Ruben</name><name sortKey="Biermann Ruben, Katja" sort="Biermann Ruben, Katja" uniqKey="Biermann Ruben K" first="Katja" last="Biermann-Ruben">Katja Biermann-Ruben</name><name sortKey="Finis, Jennifer" sort="Finis, Jennifer" uniqKey="Finis J" first="Jennifer" last="Finis">Jennifer Finis</name><name sortKey="Heil, Martin" sort="Heil, Martin" uniqKey="Heil M" first="Martin" last="Heil">Martin Heil</name><name sortKey="Jonas, Melanie" sort="Jonas, Melanie" uniqKey="Jonas M" first="Melanie" last="Jonas">Melanie Jonas</name><name sortKey="Krause, Holger" sort="Krause, Holger" uniqKey="Krause H" first="Holger" last="Krause">Holger Krause</name><name sortKey="Krause, Holger" sort="Krause, Holger" uniqKey="Krause H" first="Holger" last="Krause">Holger Krause</name><name sortKey="Moczydlowski, Agnes" sort="Moczydlowski, Agnes" uniqKey="Moczydlowski A" first="Agnes" last="Moczydlowski">Agnes Moczydlowski</name><name sortKey="Munchau, Alexander" sort="Munchau, Alexander" uniqKey="Munchau A" first="Alexander" last="Munchau">Alexander Munchau</name><name sortKey="Pollok, Bettina" sort="Pollok, Bettina" uniqKey="Pollok B" first="Bettina" last="Pollok">Bettina Pollok</name><name sortKey="Pollok, Bettina" sort="Pollok, Bettina" uniqKey="Pollok B" first="Bettina" last="Pollok">Bettina Pollok</name><name sortKey="Schnitzler, Alfons" sort="Schnitzler, Alfons" uniqKey="Schnitzler A" first="Alfons" last="Schnitzler">Alfons Schnitzler</name><name sortKey="Schnitzler, Alfons" sort="Schnitzler, Alfons" uniqKey="Schnitzler A" first="Alfons" last="Schnitzler">Alfons Schnitzler</name><name sortKey="Thomalla, Gotz" sort="Thomalla, Gotz" uniqKey="Thomalla G" first="Gotz" last="Thomalla">Gotz Thomalla</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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